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    Related Topics

    From Musculoskeletal System

    Acromioclavicular Joint
    The acromioclavicular joint connects the clavicle and scapula at the top of the shoulder, enabling smooth scapular motion and stability during arm movements.
    Lumbar Vertebrae (L1 - L5)
    Vertebrae in the lower back (L1-L5).
    Phalanges (14 bones)
    14 bones forming the toes.
    Ball-and-Socket Joints
    e.g., shoulder, hip
    Anterior Longitudinal Ligament
    Spinal ligament running along the front of the vertebral column.
    Frontal Bone
    Bone forming the forehead and upper part of the orbits.
    Ulna
    Forearm bone on the pinky side.
    Tarsals (7 bones)
    7 ankle bones.
    Ribs (12 Pairs)
    12 pairs of bones that form the sides of the thoracic cage.
    Temporal Bones
    Bones forming the lower sides of the skull and housing the ears.
    Carpals (8 bones)
    8 wrist bones.
    Thoracic Cage
    Ribs and sternum forming the protective cage for the heart and lungs.
    Lacrimal Bones
    Bones forming part of the eye socket and housing the tear ducts.
    Patellar Tendon
    Tendon connecting the patella to the tibia.
    Rotator Cuff Tendons
    Tendons of the rotator cuff muscles.
    Sartorius
    Longest muscle in the body responsible for hip flexion.
    Hinge Joints
    e.g., elbow, knee
    Latissimus Dorsi
    Back muscle responsible for arm adduction and extension.
    Pubis
    Part of the pelvis that joins with the opposite side to form the pubic symphysis.
    Gliding (Plane) Joints
    e.g., between carpals
    Coccyx
    Tailbone, the remnant of the tail in humans.
    Achilles Tendon
    Tendon connecting the calf muscle to the heel bone.
    Inferior Nasal Conchae
    Bones inside the nasal cavity that filter and humidify air.
    Vertebral Column
    Spinal column consisting of vertebrae.
    Soleus
    Calf muscle responsible for plantarflexion of the foot.

    Sternum

    Reviewed by our medical team

    Breastbone located in the center of the chest.

    1. Overview

    The sternum, or breastbone, is a flat, elongated bone located in the center of the anterior thoracic wall. It forms the anterior portion of the rib cage and provides protection to vital thoracic organs, including the heart and major blood vessels. The sternum also serves as an essential anchor point for ribs and clavicles.

    2. Location

    The sternum is situated in the midline of the anterior thorax:

    • Anterior to: The heart, great vessels, and upper mediastinum.

    • Medial to: The ribs and costal cartilages.

    • Superiorly: Articulates with the clavicles and the first pair of ribs.

    • Inferiorly: Ends just above the xiphoid process and costal arch.

    3. Structure

    The sternum is a flat bone composed of three parts:

    • Manubrium:

      • Uppermost, triangular portion.

      • Articulates with the clavicles (at the sternoclavicular joints) and first two pairs of ribs.

      • Features include the jugular (suprasternal) notch and clavicular notches.

    • Body (gladiolus):

      • Longest central portion of the sternum.

      • Articulates with costal cartilages of ribs 2 to 7.

      • Connected to the manubrium at the sternal angle (Angle of Louis), a key clinical landmark.

    • Xiphoid process:

      • Small, cartilaginous projection at birth that ossifies with age.

      • May vary in shape and size; serves as an attachment for muscles like the diaphragm and rectus abdominis.

    The sternum has an internal spongy bone structure with a thin layer of compact bone externally and is rich in red bone marrow.

    4. Function

    The sternum performs several structural and protective roles:

    • Protects thoracic organs: Shields the heart, great vessels, and part of the lungs from trauma.

    • Attachment point: Provides anchorage for ribs (via costal cartilages) and clavicles, maintaining the structural integrity of the thoracic cage.

    • Supports respiration: Moves slightly during breathing, facilitating thoracic expansion and contraction.

    • Muscle origin: Serves as an attachment site for the pectoralis major, sternocleidomastoid, sternohyoid, and other muscles.

    5. Physiological role(s)

    Though primarily structural, the sternum contributes to physiological processes:

    • Hematopoiesis: Contains red bone marrow, especially in the manubrium and body, active in producing blood cells.

    • Landmark for procedures: Used for sternal puncture or bone marrow biopsy in adults.

    • Postural alignment: Acts as a central anchor for rib movements and spinal posture in the thoracic region.

    6. Clinical Significance

    The sternum plays a role in various clinical and surgical contexts:

    • Sternal fractures:

      • Often due to blunt trauma (e.g., motor vehicle collisions); can injure underlying heart or great vessels.

    • Sternal angle (Angle of Louis):

      • Important landmark for rib counting and auscultation; marks the level of the 2nd rib and bifurcation of the trachea.

    • Sternal puncture:

      • Used to access bone marrow in diagnostics for leukemia, lymphoma, or anemia.

    • Mediastinal surgery:

      • The sternum is often divided (median sternotomy) to access the heart and lungs in procedures like open-heart surgery.

    • Xiphoid process issues:

      • Can cause xiphodynia—pain or discomfort from inflammation or trauma.

    • Congenital anomalies:

      • Includes cleft sternum or pectus carinatum/excavatum, which may require surgical correction for functional or cosmetic reasons.

    Did you know? Bones are constantly producing new cells in the bone marrow.