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    Related Topics

    From Musculoskeletal System

    Tarsals (7 bones)
    7 ankle bones.
    Anterior Scalene Muscle
    The anterior scalene muscle is a deep neck muscle that elevates the first rib during inspiration and aids in neck flexion and stability, located between key neurovascular structures.
    Temporal Bones
    Bones forming the lower sides of the skull and housing the ears.
    Skull
    Bony structure of the head that encases the brain.
    Deltoid
    Shoulder muscle responsible for arm abduction.
    Hamstrings
    Biceps Femoris, Semitendinosus, Semimembranosus.
    Ribs (12 Pairs)
    12 pairs of bones that form the sides of the thoracic cage.
    Radius
    Forearm bone on the thumb side.
    Carpals (8 bones)
    8 wrist bones.
    Zygomatic Bones
    Cheekbones that form part of the orbit.
    Masseter
    Muscle that elevates the mandible.
    Extensor Tendons
    Tendons that help extend the fingers and toes.
    Patella
    Knee cap, protecting the knee joint.
    Hyoid Bone
    U-shaped bone in the neck that supports the tongue.
    Achilles Tendon
    Tendon connecting the calf muscle to the heel bone.
    Coccygeus
    Pelvic floor muscle supporting the coccyx.
    Lumbar Vertebrae (L1 - L5)
    Vertebrae in the lower back (L1-L5).
    Coracoacromial Ligament
    Ligament that connects the acromion to the coracoid process.
    Cervical Vertebrae (C1 - C7)
    Vertebrae in the neck region (C1-C7).
    Soleus
    Calf muscle responsible for plantarflexion of the foot.
    Vertebral Column
    Spinal column consisting of vertebrae.
    Ischium
    Part of the pelvis that supports weight while sitting.
    Levator Ani
    Pelvic floor muscle responsible for lifting the anus.
    Gluteus Maximus
    Largest muscle in the buttocks responsible for hip extension.
    Tibia
    Shin bone, the larger bone in the lower leg.

    Patellar Tendon

    Reviewed by our medical team

    Tendon connecting the patella to the tibia.

    1. Overview

    The patellar tendon (more accurately termed the patellar ligament) is a strong, flat band of connective tissue that connects the inferior pole of the patella (kneecap) to the tibial tuberosity. It plays a vital role in knee extension as part of the quadriceps mechanism. Though commonly called a tendon due to its association with the quadriceps muscle, it is technically a ligament because it connects bone (patella) to bone (tibia).

    2. Location

    The patellar tendon is located in the anterior aspect of the knee:

    • Proximally: Attached to the apex (inferior portion) of the patella.

    • Distally: Inserts onto the tibial tuberosity on the anterior surface of the proximal tibia.

    • Anteriorly: Lies superficial to the infrapatellar fat pad and anterior to the knee joint capsule.

    • Deep to: The skin and superficial fascia of the anterior knee.

    3. Structure

    The patellar tendon is a thick, fibrous band composed primarily of densely packed collagen fibers arranged in parallel:

    • Length: Typically ranges from 3 to 5 cm in adults.

    • Width: Approximately 2 to 3 cm; broader at the patellar end and narrower at the tibial insertion.

    • Histology: Composed of type I collagen, tenocytes, and a small amount of ground substance.

    • Surrounding structures: Covered by a thin paratenon and surrounded by fat pads (prepatellar and infrapatellar fat pads).

    4. Function

    The patellar tendon is an essential structure in the extension mechanism of the knee:

    • Transmits force: Transfers force from the quadriceps muscle (via the patella) to the tibia during knee extension.

    • Supports locomotion: Critical for walking, running, jumping, squatting, and standing from a seated position.

    • Acts as a pulley: Works with the patella to change the angle of force, increasing the mechanical efficiency of the quadriceps.

    5. Physiological role(s)

    Beyond movement, the patellar tendon supports several physiological and biomechanical roles:

    • Joint stabilization: Assists in maintaining proper alignment of the patella and tibia during dynamic motion.

    • Force distribution: Helps evenly distribute loads across the knee joint, reducing stress on cartilage and bone.

    • Reflex arc: Involved in the patellar reflex (knee-jerk reflex), an important neurological test of spinal cord integrity (L2–L4).

    • Protects underlying structures: Shields deeper components of the knee joint during anterior impacts.

    6. Clinical Significance

    The patellar tendon is frequently involved in musculoskeletal conditions, especially among athletes and active individuals:

    • Patellar tendinopathy (jumper’s knee):

      • Chronic overuse injury characterized by pain, inflammation, and degeneration of the tendon, commonly seen in jumping sports (e.g., basketball, volleyball).

    • Patellar tendon rupture:

      • A complete tear that results in loss of active knee extension; often occurs due to sudden, forceful contraction of the quadriceps.

      • Requires surgical repair and long-term rehabilitation.

    • Osgood-Schlatter disease:

      • Common in adolescents; involves traction stress on the tibial tuberosity at the insertion of the patellar tendon, causing pain and inflammation.

    • Patellar tendon graft:

      • Often used in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction surgeries as a reliable autograft source (bone-patellar tendon-bone graft).

    • Tendinitis vs. tendinosis:

      • “Tendinitis” refers to acute inflammation, while “tendinosis” indicates chronic degenerative changes—both affecting function and requiring different treatment approaches.

    Did you know? Tendons attach muscles to bones.