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    Related Topics

    From Musculoskeletal System

    Zygomaticus
    Muscle that raises the corners of the mouth.
    Synchondroses
    Cartilaginous joints where bones are connected by hyaline cartilage.
    Pelvic Floor Muscles
    Muscles that support pelvic organs.
    Temporalis
    Muscle involved in closing the jaw.
    Pectoralis Major
    Chest muscle responsible for shoulder movement.
    Syndesmoses
    Fibrous joints where bones are connected by ligaments.
    Tibia
    Shin bone, the larger bone in the lower leg.
    Scapula
    Shoulder blade providing attachment for muscles of the upper limb.
    Acromioclavicular Ligament
    Ligament that connects the acromion to the clavicle.
    Iliolumbar Ligament
    Ligament connecting the ilium and lumbar vertebrae.
    Ligamentum Flavum
    Spinal ligament connecting the laminae of adjacent vertebrae.
    Biceps Brachii
    Muscle responsible for elbow flexion.
    Rotator Cuff Tendons
    Tendons of the rotator cuff muscles.
    Latissimus Dorsi
    Back muscle responsible for arm adduction and extension.
    Fibula
    Smaller bone in the lower leg, located alongside the tibia.
    Levator Ani
    Pelvic floor muscle responsible for lifting the anus.
    Sternocleidomastoid
    Muscle that rotates and flexes the neck.
    Quadriceps Tendon
    Tendon that connects the quadriceps to the patella.
    Posterior Longitudinal Ligament
    Spinal ligament running along the back of the vertebral column.
    Cervical Vertebrae (C1 - C7)
    Vertebrae in the neck region (C1-C7).
    Lumbar Vertebrae (L1 - L5)
    Vertebrae in the lower back (L1-L5).
    Flexor and Extensor Groups
    Muscles responsible for flexing and extending the hand and wrist.
    Trapezius
    Muscle responsible for moving, rotating, and stabilizing the scapula.
    Biceps Tendon
    Tendon that attaches the biceps muscle to the bone.
    Pubis
    Part of the pelvis that joins with the opposite side to form the pubic symphysis.

    Coccyx

    Reviewed by our medical team

    Tailbone, the remnant of the tail in humans.

    1. Overview

    The coccyx, commonly known as the tailbone, is the terminal portion of the vertebral column. It is a small, triangular bony structure composed of 3 to 5 fused vertebrae, usually four. The coccyx is considered a vestigial structure, the remnant of a tail in humans, but it still plays important roles in posture, muscle attachment, and weight-bearing when sitting. Despite its small size, injury or dysfunction of the coccyx can lead to significant pain and discomfort.

    2. Location

    The coccyx is located at the inferior end of the vertebral column:

    • Superiorly: Articulates with the sacrum at the sacrococcygeal joint.

    • Inferiorly: Ends in an apex that may be slightly curved or pointed.

    • Posteriorly: Lies just beneath the skin at the base of the spine.

    In seated posture, it is positioned anterior to the gluteal cleft and can be palpated externally.

    3. Structure

    The coccyx is typically made up of four small fused vertebrae (Co1–Co4), though variation exists:

    • Co1: The largest and most prominent segment, often retains rudimentary transverse processes and may articulate with the sacrum.

    • Co2–Co4: Progressively smaller; lack true pedicles, laminae, and spinous processes.

    • Sacrococcygeal joint: A fibrocartilaginous joint (sometimes synovial) between the sacrum and coccyx; may become fused with age.

    • Ligamentous support: Includes the anterior and posterior sacrococcygeal ligaments and the intercornual ligament connecting the sacral and coccygeal cornua.

    4. Function

    The coccyx serves several biomechanical and support functions:

    • Supports weight in sitting: Helps bear body weight when seated, especially when leaning backward.

    • Muscle and ligament attachment: Serves as an anchor for several pelvic floor muscles and ligaments.

    • Shock absorption: Acts as a slight buffer or flex point during falls or sudden seating pressure.

    5. Physiological role(s)

    Despite being vestigial, the coccyx plays important physiological roles:

    • Pelvic floor support: Provides attachment for muscles such as the levator ani, coccygeus, and external anal sphincter, which support pelvic organs and control continence.

    • Postural balance: Contributes to distribution of pressure and posture during sitting and dynamic movement.

    • Parturition (childbirth): May move slightly backward to increase the pelvic outlet during vaginal delivery.

    6. Clinical Significance

    The coccyx can be a source of clinical concern, especially in cases of trauma or dysfunction:

    • Coccydynia (tailbone pain):

      • Pain in the coccygeal region, often from falls, prolonged sitting, childbirth, or idiopathic causes.

      • May involve inflammation, dislocation, or spasm of surrounding muscles (e.g., coccygeus, levator ani).

    • Fracture or dislocation:

      • Results from direct trauma (e.g., falling onto a hard surface); can be very painful and slow to heal.

    • Hyper- or hypomobility:

      • Excessive or restricted movement at the sacrococcygeal joint may cause chronic pain or functional limitations.

    • Surgical consideration:

      • In rare, refractory cases of coccydynia, coccygectomy (surgical removal of the coccyx) may be considered.

    • Referred pain:

      • Pelvic floor dysfunction or nerve entrapment in the region may mimic coccygeal pain and require differential diagnosis.

    Did you know? The longest muscle in the body is the sartorius, which helps you cross your legs.