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    From Musculoskeletal System

    Metatarsals (5 bones)
    5 bones forming the mid-foot.
    Pivot Joints
    e.g., atlanto-axial joint
    Tibialis Anterior
    Muscle that dorsiflexes and inverts the foot.
    Synchondroses
    Cartilaginous joints where bones are connected by hyaline cartilage.
    Biceps Tendon
    Tendon that attaches the biceps muscle to the bone.
    Acromioclavicular Ligament
    Ligament that connects the acromion to the clavicle.
    Tarsals (7 bones)
    7 ankle bones.
    Medial Collateral Ligament (MCL)
    Knee ligament that stabilizes the inner knee.
    Flexor and Extensor Groups
    Muscles responsible for flexing and extending the hand and wrist.
    Rotator Cuff Tendons
    Tendons of the rotator cuff muscles.
    Gomphoses
    Fibrous joints where a peg fits into a socket (e.g., teeth in jaw).
    Cranial Bones
    Bones of the skull that protect the brain.
    Carpals (8 bones)
    8 wrist bones.
    Femur
    Thigh bone, the longest and strongest bone in the body.
    Nasal Bones
    Bones forming the bridge of the nose.
    Hamstrings
    Biceps Femoris, Semitendinosus, Semimembranosus.
    Adductors
    Muscles that bring the thighs toward the midline.
    Posterior Longitudinal Ligament
    Spinal ligament running along the back of the vertebral column.
    Deltoid
    Shoulder muscle responsible for arm abduction.
    Ellipsoidal (Condyloid) Joints
    e.g., wrist
    Symphyses
    Cartilaginous joints where bones are connected by fibrocartilage.
    Pelvic Floor Muscles
    Muscles that support pelvic organs.
    Quadriceps Tendon
    Tendon that connects the quadriceps to the patella.
    Pectoralis Major
    Chest muscle responsible for shoulder movement.
    Sutures (in the skull)
    Fibrous joints between skull bones.

    Buccinator

    Reviewed by our medical team

    Muscle that helps with chewing and blowing air out.

    1. Overview

    The buccinator is a thin, flat muscle of the facial region that plays a key role in facial expression, mastication, and oral control. Although it is classified among the muscles of facial expression, it also performs important mechanical functions by compressing the cheek against the teeth and aiding in the manipulation of food. It is essential for actions such as chewing, blowing, and whistling, and it helps maintain food between the occlusal surfaces of the teeth.

    2. Location

    The buccinator is located in the cheek region:

    • Anteriorly: Blends with the fibers of the orbicularis oris near the angle of the mouth.

    • Posteriorly: Originates from the pterygomandibular raphe and the alveolar processes of the maxilla and mandible, near the molar teeth.

    • Medially: Forms the muscular part of the cheek wall, deep to the skin and subcutaneous tissue.

    • Laterally: Lies deep to the masseter muscle.

    3. Structure

    The buccinator is a quadrilateral muscle made up of horizontally arranged muscle fibers:

    • Origin:

      • Alveolar processes of the maxilla and mandible (opposite the molar teeth).

      • Pterygomandibular raphe (a fibrous band extending from the pterygoid hamulus to the mandible).

    • Insertion: Fibers converge anteriorly to insert into the angle of the mouth, intermingling with the orbicularis oris.

    • Innervation: Facial nerve (cranial nerve VII), specifically its buccal branches.

    • Blood supply: Primarily from the facial artery and buccal branch of the maxillary artery.

    4. Function

    The buccinator performs several key functions related to facial control and oral cavity mechanics:

    • Compresses the cheek: Keeps the cheek taut, preventing it from being bitten during mastication.

    • Assists in mastication: Helps move food medially between the teeth for grinding.

    • Facilitates blowing and whistling: Helps expel air from the oral cavity (e.g., during wind instrument playing or puffing).

    • Aids speech and articulation: Contributes to controlled mouth movements necessary for clear speech.

    5. Physiological role(s)

    Beyond its primary muscular actions, the buccinator contributes to several broader physiological roles:

    • Supports oral continence: Helps keep food and saliva inside the oral cavity, especially during chewing or speaking.

    • Assists infant feeding: In neonates, helps generate negative pressure during suckling by compressing the cheeks inward.

    • Prevents cheek ballooning: Provides cheek tone and resists air pressure buildup during forceful exhalation through the mouth.

    • Facilitates facial expression: Though not directly expressive, it supports overall facial contour and tone.

    6. Clinical Significance

    The buccinator is involved in various clinical and functional conditions:

    • Facial nerve paralysis:

      • Damage to the facial nerve (e.g., Bell's palsy) can result in buccinator weakness, causing difficulty in retaining food in the mouth and asymmetry in facial movements.

    • Speech disorders:

      • Impaired control of cheek muscles may affect articulation and clarity of speech, especially for plosive and fricative sounds.

    • Feeding difficulties in infants:

      • Underdeveloped or weak buccinator function may hinder effective suckling and feeding.

    • Oral surgery and dental procedures:

      • Understanding the location of the buccinator is crucial during procedures such as wisdom tooth extraction, mandibular blocks, and reconstructive surgery.

    • Buccinator reflex:

      • Used to assess neurological function in infants; absence may indicate brainstem dysfunction.

    Did you know? The skull is made up of 22 bones.