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    Vomer Bone
    Bone forming the nasal septum.
    Glenohumeral Ligaments
    Shoulder ligaments that stabilize the shoulder joint.
    Metatarsals (5 bones)
    5 bones forming the mid-foot.
    Carpals (8 bones)
    8 wrist bones.
    Vertebral Column
    Spinal column consisting of vertebrae.
    Rotator Cuff Tendons
    Tendons of the rotator cuff muscles.
    Obliques (External and Internal)
    Muscles responsible for torso rotation.
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    Fibrous joints where a peg fits into a socket (e.g., teeth in jaw).
    Thoracic Vertebrae (T1 - T12)
    Vertebrae in the upper and mid-back (T1-T12).
    Trapezius
    Muscle responsible for moving, rotating, and stabilizing the scapula.
    Ischium
    Part of the pelvis that supports weight while sitting.
    Zygomaticus
    Muscle that raises the corners of the mouth.
    Annular Ligament
    The annular ligament is a strong fibrous band encircling the head of the radius, stabilizing the proximal radioulnar joint and allowing smooth rotation of the forearm.
    Sphenoid Bone
    Bone forming part of the base of the skull and sides of the orbits.
    Gluteus Maximus
    Largest muscle in the buttocks responsible for hip extension.
    Brachioradialis
    Muscle responsible for forearm flexion.
    Pectoralis Major
    Chest muscle responsible for shoulder movement.
    Iliolumbar Ligament
    Ligament connecting the ilium and lumbar vertebrae.
    Levator Ani
    Pelvic floor muscle responsible for lifting the anus.
    Soleus
    Calf muscle responsible for plantarflexion of the foot.
    Temporal Bones
    Bones forming the lower sides of the skull and housing the ears.
    Achilles Tendon
    Tendon connecting the calf muscle to the heel bone.
    Tibialis Anterior
    Muscle that dorsiflexes and inverts the foot.
    Masseter
    Muscle that elevates the mandible.
    Flexor Tendons
    Tendons that help flex the fingers and toes.

    Lacrimal Bones

    Reviewed by our medical team

    Bones forming part of the eye socket and housing the tear ducts.

    1. Overview

    The lacrimal bones are a pair of small, thin bones located in the anterior part of the medial wall of each orbit. Despite being the smallest bones of the face, they play a crucial role in forming the lacrimal fossa, which supports the lacrimal sac involved in tear drainage. These bones are part of the facial skeleton and contribute to both the orbital and nasal regions.

    2. Location

    Lacrimal bones are found in the medial walls of the eye sockets (orbits):

    • Anterior to: The ethmoid bone.

    • Posterior to: The frontal process of the maxilla.

    • Superiorly: Articulates with the frontal bone.

    • Inferiorly: Related to the nasolacrimal canal which continues into the inferior nasal meatus.

    3. Structure

    Each lacrimal bone is a small, rectangular, and fragile structure composed of two surfaces and four borders:

    • Lateral (orbital) surface: Faces the orbit; features the lacrimal groove, which helps form the lacrimal fossa for the lacrimal sac.

    • Medial (nasal) surface: Faces the nasal cavity and articulates with the ethmoid bone.

    • Lacrimal crest: A vertical ridge that divides the orbital surface and contributes to the formation of the lacrimal sac fossa.

    • Nasolacrimal canal: Formed in conjunction with the maxilla, this canal transmits the nasolacrimal duct that drains tears into the nasal cavity.

    • Articulations: Each lacrimal bone articulates with four bones — frontal, maxilla, ethmoid, and inferior nasal concha.

    4. Function

    The primary functions of the lacrimal bones include:

    • Support for tear drainage: Form part of the lacrimal apparatus by contributing to the lacrimal fossa, which houses the lacrimal sac.

    • Orbital structure: Help form the medial wall of the orbit, maintaining its integrity and protecting the eye.

    • Nasal communication: Assist in channeling tears from the lacrimal sac to the inferior nasal meatus via the nasolacrimal duct.

    5. Physiological role(s)

    Though small, the lacrimal bones support vital physiological functions:

    • Tear drainage: Indirectly participate in the lacrimal apparatus function by providing structural support for tear collection and flow into the nasal cavity.

    • Ocular protection: As part of the orbit, they help shield the eye from trauma and support adjacent soft tissues.

    • Sinus and nasal drainage: Contribute to drainage dynamics by connecting the orbital and nasal regions through the lacrimal pathway.

    6. Clinical Significance

    The lacrimal bones are associated with several clinical and surgical concerns:

    • Nasolacrimal duct obstruction (NLDO):

      • Blockage of the duct passing through the nasolacrimal canal can result in epiphora (tear overflow), often requiring surgical intervention like dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR).

    • Orbital fractures:

      • Due to their fragility, lacrimal bones may be fractured in cases of blunt facial trauma, sometimes affecting tear drainage or causing orbital complications.

    • Dacryocystitis:

      • Infection of the lacrimal sac, often secondary to obstruction, can involve the lacrimal bone region and cause painful swelling near the inner corner of the eye.

    • Surgical relevance:

      • Surgeries involving the orbit or nasolacrimal system (e.g., endoscopic DCR) must navigate around or through the lacrimal bone.

    Did you know? The tibia is the second largest bone in the body after the femur.