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    From Musculoskeletal System

    Hinge Joints
    e.g., elbow, knee
    Thoracic Vertebrae (T1 - T12)
    Vertebrae in the upper and mid-back (T1-T12).
    Ischium
    Part of the pelvis that supports weight while sitting.
    Cervical Vertebrae (C1 - C7)
    Vertebrae in the neck region (C1-C7).
    Pubis
    Part of the pelvis that joins with the opposite side to form the pubic symphysis.
    Hamstrings
    Biceps Femoris, Semitendinosus, Semimembranosus.
    Vomer Bone
    Bone forming the nasal septum.
    Lumbar Vertebrae (L1 - L5)
    Vertebrae in the lower back (L1-L5).
    Brachioradialis
    Muscle responsible for forearm flexion.
    Coccygeus
    Pelvic floor muscle supporting the coccyx.
    Soleus
    Calf muscle responsible for plantarflexion of the foot.
    Acromioclavicular Joint
    The acromioclavicular joint connects the clavicle and scapula at the top of the shoulder, enabling smooth scapular motion and stability during arm movements.
    Sacroiliac Ligaments
    Ligaments connecting the sacrum to the iliac bones.
    Synchondroses
    Cartilaginous joints where bones are connected by hyaline cartilage.
    Achilles Tendon
    Tendon connecting the calf muscle to the heel bone.
    Inferior Nasal Conchae
    Bones inside the nasal cavity that filter and humidify air.
    Deltoid
    Shoulder muscle responsible for arm abduction.
    Biceps Brachii
    Muscle responsible for elbow flexion.
    Metatarsals (5 bones)
    5 bones forming the mid-foot.
    Frontal Bone
    Bone forming the forehead and upper part of the orbits.
    Facial Bones
    Bones forming the structure of the face.
    Skull
    Bony structure of the head that encases the brain.
    Maxillae
    Upper jaw bones that house the teeth and form part of the orbit.
    Acetabulum
    The acetabulum is the pelvic socket that connects with the femoral head to form the hip joint, vital for stability, movement, and weight-bearing.
    Lacrimal Bones
    Bones forming part of the eye socket and housing the tear ducts.

    Tibialis Anterior

    Reviewed by our medical team

    Muscle that dorsiflexes and inverts the foot.

    1. Overview

    The tibialis anterior is a prominent muscle of the anterior compartment of the leg. It is the primary dorsiflexor of the foot and plays a key role in stabilizing the ankle during walking and standing. This muscle is essential for proper gait mechanics and maintaining foot clearance during the swing phase of walking.

    2. Location

    The tibialis anterior is located in the anterior compartment of the lower leg, just lateral to the tibia:

    • Superficial and palpable: Especially in lean individuals, it can be felt or seen contracting during dorsiflexion of the foot.

    • Origin: Lateral condyle and proximal two-thirds of the lateral surface of the tibia; also from the interosseous membrane and deep fascia of the leg.

    • Insertion: Medial cuneiform and the base of the first metatarsal on the medial side of the foot.

    3. Structure

    The tibialis anterior is a fusiform (spindle-shaped) muscle:

    • Muscle belly: Thick and muscular in the upper part of the leg.

    • Tendon: Long, cord-like tendon that crosses anterior to the ankle joint and inserts on the foot.

    • Innervation: Deep fibular (peroneal) nerve (L4–L5).

    • Blood supply: Anterior tibial artery and its branches.

    4. Function

    The tibialis anterior is involved in several key movements:

    • Dorsiflexion of the foot: Pulls the foot upward at the ankle joint, allowing for toe clearance during walking.

    • Inversion of the foot: Turns the sole of the foot inward, especially when working with the tibialis posterior.

    • Support of the medial arch: Helps maintain the medial longitudinal arch of the foot during stance and movement.

    5. Physiological role(s)

    The tibialis anterior plays important roles in everyday movement and postural control:

    • Gait mechanics: Active during the swing phase of walking to prevent the toes from dragging.

    • Shock absorption: Controls the rate of foot drop during heel strike, softening impact forces.

    • Balance: Assists in anterior-posterior postural stability, especially when standing or adjusting position on uneven surfaces.

    6. Clinical Significance

    The tibialis anterior is associated with several important clinical conditions:

    • Foot drop:

      • Caused by injury or neuropathy of the deep fibular nerve, resulting in weakness or paralysis of the tibialis anterior.

      • Leads to a high-stepping gait to compensate for lack of dorsiflexion.

    • Anterior compartment syndrome:

      • Acute or chronic pressure build-up in the anterior compartment can compress the tibialis anterior and its neurovascular supply.

      • May result in pain, weakness, and eventually ischemic damage if untreated (requires fasciotomy in emergencies).

    • Tibialis anterior tendinitis:

      • Overuse injury common in runners and hikers, leading to pain and swelling near the ankle or dorsal foot.

    • Shin splints (medial tibial stress syndrome):

      • Though more associated with the tibialis posterior, the tibialis anterior may also be involved in anterior shin pain due to repetitive stress.

    • Electromyography (EMG) relevance:

      • Frequently tested in EMG studies to assess L4–L5 nerve root or deep fibular nerve function.

    Did you know? The sacrum is the foundation of the spine and the pelvis.