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    Related Topics

    From Musculoskeletal System

    Thoracic Vertebrae (T1 - T12)
    Vertebrae in the upper and mid-back (T1-T12).
    Ligamentum Flavum
    Spinal ligament connecting the laminae of adjacent vertebrae.
    Zygomaticus
    Muscle that raises the corners of the mouth.
    Latissimus Dorsi
    Back muscle responsible for arm adduction and extension.
    Sphenoid Bone
    Bone forming part of the base of the skull and sides of the orbits.
    Coccyx
    Tailbone, the remnant of the tail in humans.
    Metacarpals (5 bones)
    5 bones forming the palm of the hand.
    Soleus
    Calf muscle responsible for plantarflexion of the foot.
    Tibialis Anterior
    Muscle that dorsiflexes and inverts the foot.
    Sacroiliac Ligaments
    Ligaments connecting the sacrum to the iliac bones.
    Symphyses
    Cartilaginous joints where bones are connected by fibrocartilage.
    Phalanges (14 bones)
    14 bones forming the toes.
    Gluteus Maximus
    Largest muscle in the buttocks responsible for hip extension.
    Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL)
    Knee ligament that stabilizes the joint.
    Humerus
    Upper arm bone connecting the shoulder to the elbow.
    Rectus Abdominis
    Abs muscle that flexes the trunk.
    Anterior Longitudinal Ligament
    Spinal ligament running along the front of the vertebral column.
    Wormian Bones
    Sutural bones in the skull.
    Mandible
    Lower jawbone that houses the teeth.
    Biceps Brachii
    Muscle responsible for elbow flexion.
    Patellar Tendon
    Tendon connecting the patella to the tibia.
    Levator Ani
    Pelvic floor muscle responsible for lifting the anus.
    Glenohumeral Ligaments
    Shoulder ligaments that stabilize the shoulder joint.
    Achilles Tendon
    Tendon connecting the calf muscle to the heel bone.
    Medial Collateral Ligament (MCL)
    Knee ligament that stabilizes the inner knee.

    Gliding (Plane) Joints

    Reviewed by our medical team

    e.g., between carpals

    1. Overview

    Gliding joints, also called plane joints, are a type of synovial joint characterized by flat or slightly curved articular surfaces that slide past one another. These joints permit limited, non-axial movements, including small degrees of gliding or translation. While they do not allow for rotation or large angular motion, their contribution to joint flexibility, shock absorption, and overall body movement is essential, especially in areas requiring subtle coordination and support.

    2. Location

    Gliding joints are found in multiple regions of the body, especially where bones need to slide across each other for flexibility:

    • Wrist: Between the carpal bones (intercarpal joints).

    • Foot: Between the tarsal bones (intertarsal joints).

    • Vertebral column: Zygapophyseal (facet) joints between the articular processes of adjacent vertebrae.

    • Sternocostal joint: Between the sternum and costal cartilages (except the first rib).

    • Acromioclavicular joint: Between the acromion of the scapula and the clavicle.

    3. Structure

    Gliding joints are simple in anatomy but structurally adapted for small, controlled motion:

    • Articular surfaces: Flat or slightly curved surfaces covered by articular cartilage.

    • Synovial capsule: Encloses the joint space and secretes synovial fluid for lubrication.

    • Ligaments: Extrinsic and intrinsic ligaments stabilize the joint, restricting excessive motion.

    • Joint cavity: Contains synovial fluid which reduces friction and nourishes the cartilage.

    4. Function

    The primary function of gliding joints is to allow small, multidirectional movements:

    • Sliding and gliding: Bones slide past one another in multiple directions without angular movement.

    • Support mobility: Facilitate the fine-tuning of joint position and support larger joint complexes (e.g., the wrist or spine).

    • Distribute load: Help in spreading out mechanical forces across joint surfaces, reducing wear and tear.

    5. Physiological role(s)

    Although their movement range is small, gliding joints are crucial in overall musculoskeletal physiology:

    • Coordination: Contribute to the fine coordination of hand and foot movements.

    • Spinal flexibility: Facet joints enable slight movements between vertebrae that collectively result in spine flexion, extension, and rotation.

    • Shock absorption: Allow subtle shifting and movement to dissipate forces during impact or weight bearing.

    • Stability enhancement: Maintain alignment and joint congruency under stress through constrained sliding motions.

    6. Clinical Significance

    Several disorders and injuries may affect gliding joints due to their structural and mechanical roles:

    • Osteoarthritis:

      • Degeneration of cartilage in gliding joints (e.g., facet joints or wrist) can lead to stiffness, pain, and reduced motion.

    • Facet joint syndrome:

      • Inflammation or degeneration of spinal gliding joints results in localized back pain, often exacerbated by extension or twisting.

    • Joint instability:

      • Ligament laxity can cause excessive gliding motion, potentially leading to joint subluxation or dysfunction.

    • Subluxation in the wrist or foot:

      • Disruption of gliding joint alignment due to trauma can impair dexterity or gait and may require realignment or stabilization.

    • Post-surgical fusion (arthrodesis):

      • In severe degeneration, gliding joints may be surgically fused to eliminate pain at the cost of mobility (common in spine or midfoot).

    Did you know? Sesamoid bones are bones that form within tendons, like the patella.