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    From Musculoskeletal System

    Pectoralis Major
    Chest muscle responsible for shoulder movement.
    Clavicle
    Collarbone connecting the arm to the body.
    Lacrimal Bones
    Bones forming part of the eye socket and housing the tear ducts.
    Ischium
    Part of the pelvis that supports weight while sitting.
    Ellipsoidal (Condyloid) Joints
    e.g., wrist
    Acetabulum
    The acetabulum is the pelvic socket that connects with the femoral head to form the hip joint, vital for stability, movement, and weight-bearing.
    Pubis
    Part of the pelvis that joins with the opposite side to form the pubic symphysis.
    Facial Bones
    Bones forming the structure of the face.
    Mandible
    Lower jawbone that houses the teeth.
    Hamstrings
    Biceps Femoris, Semitendinosus, Semimembranosus.
    Anterior Scalene Muscle
    The anterior scalene muscle is a deep neck muscle that elevates the first rib during inspiration and aids in neck flexion and stability, located between key neurovascular structures.
    Vertebral Column
    Spinal column consisting of vertebrae.
    Skull
    Bony structure of the head that encases the brain.
    Biceps Brachii
    Muscle responsible for elbow flexion.
    Femur
    Thigh bone, the longest and strongest bone in the body.
    Trapezius
    Muscle responsible for moving, rotating, and stabilizing the scapula.
    Nasal Bones
    Bones forming the bridge of the nose.
    Gomphoses
    Fibrous joints where a peg fits into a socket (e.g., teeth in jaw).
    Scapula
    Shoulder blade providing attachment for muscles of the upper limb.
    Gluteus Maximus
    Largest muscle in the buttocks responsible for hip extension.
    Abductor Digiti Minimi Muscle
    The abductor digiti minimi muscle is a hypothenar muscle that abducts and flexes the little finger, aiding grip and precision in hand movements.
    Obliques (External and Internal)
    Muscles responsible for torso rotation.
    Latissimus Dorsi
    Back muscle responsible for arm adduction and extension.
    Rectus Abdominis
    Abs muscle that flexes the trunk.
    Tibia
    Shin bone, the larger bone in the lower leg.

    Synchondroses

    Reviewed by our medical team

    Cartilaginous joints where bones are connected by hyaline cartilage.

    1. Overview

    Synchondroses are a type of cartilaginous joint where two bones are joined by hyaline cartilage. These joints are typically immovable (synarthroses) and are primarily found during growth and development stages. Some synchondroses are temporary and fuse over time, while others persist throughout life, serving structural and functional roles in the axial skeleton.

    2. Location

    Synchondroses occur in various regions, particularly in growing bones and parts of the thoracic and cranial base. Common examples include:

    • Epiphyseal plates (growth plates): Between the epiphysis and diaphysis of long bones during development.

    • First sternocostal joint: Between the first rib and the manubrium of the sternum (permanent synchondrosis).

    • Spheno-occipital synchondrosis: Between the sphenoid and occipital bones in the cranial base (fuses in adolescence).

    • Intra-pelvic synchondroses (in infants): Found temporarily between parts of developing hip bones.

    3. Structure

    Synchondroses are structurally simple yet biomechanically significant:

    • Connecting tissue: Hyaline cartilage unites the two bones.

    • Bone surfaces: Covered by smooth cartilage without a synovial cavity.

    • No joint capsule: Unlike synovial joints, synchondroses lack a surrounding fibrous capsule.

    • Vascularity: Limited blood supply in the cartilage; most nourishment comes via diffusion.

    In growing bones, synchondroses are often part of the growth mechanism and later undergo ossification (endochondral fusion).

    4. Function

    Synchondroses provide both temporary and permanent mechanical functions:

    • Allow bone growth: Epiphyseal plates enable longitudinal growth in long bones during childhood and adolescence.

    • Provide stability: In permanent synchondroses like the first sternocostal joint, they ensure rigid yet slightly flexible connections.

    • Transmit forces: Act as force-transmitting interfaces between adjacent skeletal elements (e.g., ribs and sternum).

    5. Physiological role(s)

    Synchondroses support critical physiological functions:

    • Facilitate development: Essential in endochondral ossification during skeletal growth.

    • Maintain thoracic shape: Provide slight flexibility to the upper rib cage for breathing while maintaining stability.

    • Cranial base formation: Contribute to the alignment and shape of the skull during early development.

    6. Clinical Significance

    Though less commonly injured, synchondroses are involved in several clinical scenarios:

    • Growth plate fractures:

      • In children and adolescents, trauma can damage epiphyseal synchondroses (Salter-Harris fractures), potentially affecting bone growth.

    • Premature closure:

      • Early fusion of epiphyseal plates can lead to limb length discrepancies or skeletal deformities.

    • Spheno-occipital fusion issues:

      • Abnormal fusion may contribute to craniofacial anomalies or interfere with cranial base development.

    • Costochondritis (rarely involving first rib synchondrosis):

      • Inflammation near the first sternocostal synchondrosis may cause localized chest pain, though most costochondritis affects synovial joints of other ribs.

    • Ossification and aging:

      • Many synchondroses ossify with age, reducing thoracic flexibility and contributing to skeletal rigidity in elderly individuals.

    Did you know? Bones are living tissue that is constantly remodeling and repairing itself.