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    From Digestive System

    Body of Pancreas
    Central elongated portion of pancreas.
    Pancreas
    Gland with both endocrine and exocrine functions.
    Tail of Pancreas
    Tapered end of pancreas near spleen.
    Stomach
    Muscular sac that begins digestion of protein.
    Submandibular Glands
    Salivary glands beneath the mandible.
    Mesentery
    Fold of peritoneum anchoring intestines.
    Round Ligament of Liver
    Remnant of fetal umbilical vein.
    Transverse Colon
    Horizontal part of the colon.
    Teniae Coli
    Longitudinal muscle bands of colon.
    Rugae of Stomach
    Internal folds allowing expansion of the stomach.
    Common Bile Duct
    Conveys bile from liver and gallbladder to duodenum.
    Pyloric Sphincter
    Regulates passage of chyme from stomach to duodenum.
    Right Lobe
    Larger functional lobe of the liver.
    Quadrate Lobe
    Small lobe located between gallbladder and round ligament.
    Body
    Main central region of the stomach.
    Haustra
    Pouch-like segments of colon.
    Gallbladder
    Stores and concentrates bile.
    Parotid Glands
    Largest salivary glands located near the ear.
    Splenic Flexure
    Bend between transverse and descending colon.
    Oral Cavity
    Entry point of the digestive system; includes teeth, tongue, and salivary openings.
    Lower Esophageal Sphincter
    Muscle at the junction of esophagus and stomach.
    Descending Colon
    Vertical segment of the colon on the left side.
    External Anal Sphincter
    Voluntary muscle around anus.
    Lips
    Fleshy borders of the mouth that aid in speech and food intake.
    Sigmoid Colon
    S-shaped final segment of the colon.

    Palatine Tonsils

    Reviewed by our medical team

    Lymphatic tissues on either side of the oropharynx.

    Overview

    The palatine tonsils are paired masses of lymphoid tissue located on either side of the oropharynx. As part of the body’s first line of immune defense, they monitor and respond to pathogens entering through the mouth and nose. Though not directly involved in digestion, their anatomical position within the oropharynx places them at the intersection of the digestive and respiratory tracts, where they play a protective immunological role.

    Location

    The palatine tonsils are found:

    • On the lateral walls of the oropharynx

    • Between the palatoglossal (anterior) and palatopharyngeal (posterior) arches—also called tonsillar pillars

    • Posterior to the oral cavity and adjacent to the base of the tongue

    Each tonsil resides in a depression known as the tonsillar fossa and is covered by a thin mucosal layer.

    Structure

    Palatine tonsils are oval in shape and have the following structural features:

    • Lymphoid follicles: Aggregates of B cells and germinal centers involved in antibody production

    • Crypts: Invaginations of the surface epithelium (usually 10–30 per tonsil) that increase surface area and trap antigens

    • Surface epithelium: Covered by non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium that allows direct antigen exposure

    • Capsule: A partial fibrous capsule separates the tonsil from underlying muscle (superior constrictor of the pharynx)

    Their rich vascular supply arises primarily from branches of the facial artery, especially the tonsillar branch.

    Function

    The primary function of the palatine tonsils is immune surveillance. They:

    • Trap pathogens entering through the mouth and nose

    • Initiate immune responses by presenting antigens to lymphocytes

    • Produce antibodies as part of the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)

    They are most active in childhood and gradually reduce in size and activity with age (involution).

    Physiological Role(s)

    The palatine tonsils support several important physiological processes:

    • Innate and adaptive immunity: Serve as local sites of lymphocyte activation, especially B-cell–mediated antibody production

    • Barrier defense: Form part of Waldeyer’s ring (which includes the adenoids, tubal, and lingual tonsils), acting as a circular defense ring in the naso-oropharynx

    • Early immune training: Exposure to pathogens helps “train” the developing immune system in children

    Clinical Significance

    The palatine tonsils are commonly involved in various clinical conditions:

    • Tonsillitis: Inflammation due to bacterial or viral infection (e.g., Group A Streptococcus); causes sore throat, fever, dysphagia, and tender lymph nodes

    • Peritonsillar abscess (quinsy): A collection of pus beside the tonsil; may cause severe pain, trismus, and airway obstruction

    • Chronic tonsillar hypertrophy: Enlarged tonsils may lead to snoring, obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), or difficulty swallowing

    • Tonsil stones (tonsilloliths): Accumulation of debris and bacteria in the tonsillar crypts, leading to halitosis

    • Tonsillectomy: Surgical removal is indicated in cases of recurrent tonsillitis, abscess, or airway obstruction

    • Tonsillar carcinoma: Malignancies, often squamous cell carcinomas, especially in association with HPV infection

    Palatine tonsils play a significant role in pediatric and ENT medicine, and their evaluation is essential in cases of sore throat, breathing disorders, and upper respiratory infections.

    Did you know? The human body contains over 100 trillion bacteria in the gut that aid in digestion.